Despite seeming like a relatively stable place, the Earth's surface has changed dramatically over the past 4.6 billion years. Mountains have been built and eroded, continents and oceans have moved ...

Radiometric dating, utilizing the predictable decay rates of radioactive isotopes within rocks and other materials, is the primary method for determining the age of geological samples. Multiple ...

Mg isotope compositions of some typical geological standard samples measured by the DS method and the SSB method in different laboratories. The sample-standard-bracketing (SSB) method and double-spike ...