You might think that a low temperature is chosen, moving the equilibrium position to the right and making more ammonia. However, the rate of reaction is low at low temperatures. So a compromise ...

Starting with the sensor, measuring and controlling temperature is an essential building block of process industries. Automatic control in continuous processes uses industrial control systems to ...

With advances in new technology it is getting more important to monitor all aspects of the influencing parameters in critical etch steps and utilize them as tuning knobs for within-wafer uniformity ...

From the last several lithography nodes, in the 14 to 10nm range, to the latest nodes, in the 7 to 5nm range, the requirements for patterning and image transfer materials have increased dramatically.

Electric process heaters that will be exposed to flammable materials in explosive environments need to be properly evaluated to protect the equipment and workers against catastrophic failures.